ABSTRACT
Introduction A foreign body (FB) is an object or substance foreign to the location where it is found. FBs in the ear, nose, and throat are a common problem frequently encountered in both children and adults. Objective To analyze FBs in terms of type, site, age, and gender distribution and method of removal. Methods A retrospective study was performed in a tertiary care hospital in the central part of Nepal. The study period was from June 2013 to May 2014. The information was obtained from hospital record books. Results A total of 134 patients had FBs in the ear, nose, or throat; 94 were males and 40 were females. Of the 134 patients, 70 (52.23% ) had FB in the ear, 28 (20.89% ) in the nose, and 36 (26.86% ) in the throat. The FB was animate (living) in 28 (40% ) patients with FB in the ear and 1 (3.5% ) patient with FB in the nose, but the FB was inanimate (nonliving) in any patient with FB in the throat, in 42 (60% ) patients with FB in the ear FB, and in 27 (96.4% ) patients with FB of the nose. The FB was removed with or without local anaesthesia (LA) in 98 (73.13% ) patients, and only 36 patients (26.86% ) required general anaesthesia (GA). The most common age group affected was <10 years. Conclusion FBs in the ear and nose were found more frequently in children, and the throat was the most common site of FB in adults and elderly people. Most of the FBs can be easily removed in emergency room or outpatient department. .
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology , Oncogenes/physiology , Receptors, Notch/physiology , Erythrocytes/physiology , Genes, Switch , Hematologic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Hematologic Neoplasms/metabolism , Hematopoiesis/genetics , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology , Megakaryocytes/physiology , Signal Transduction/physiologyABSTRACT
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a biologically heterogeneous disease with respect to phenotype, gene expression profile and activation of particular intracellular signaling pathways. Despite very significant improvements, current therapeutic regimens still fail to cure a portion of the patients and frequently implicate the use of aggressive protocols with long-term side effects. In this review, we focused on how deregulation of critical signaling pathways, in particular Notch, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, Jak/STAT and TGF-ß, may contribute to T-ALL. Identifying the alterations that affect intracellular pathways that regulate cell cycle and apoptosis is essential to understanding the biology of this malignancy, to define more effective markers for the correct stratification of patients into appropriate therapeutic regimens and to identify novel targets for the development of specific, less detrimental therapies for T-ALL.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell Differentiation , Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell , Phosphotransferases/physiology , Signal Transduction/physiology , T-Lymphocytes/cytology , /physiology , Janus Kinases/physiology , Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/etiology , Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/physiopathology , Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/therapy , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology , Phosphorylation , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/physiology , Receptors, Notch/physiology , Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiologyABSTRACT
La vía de señalización Notch desempeña un papel fundamental en las diferentes etapas del desarrollo celular como la proliferación, crecimiento, diferenciación y apoptosis. Estudios recientes han demostrado que, dependiendo del nivel de expresión y del contexto celular, los receptores de membrana Notch contribuyen en la resistencia a apoptosis en células tumorales. Estos descubrimientos sugieren que componentes de la vía de señalización Notch son un blanco potencial para el desarrollo de terapias más efectivas contra el cáncer. Esta revisión describe la función de la vía Notch y nuevas estrategias utilizadas en la modulación de su señal.